Xero Shoes: All-Day Comfort and Support for Standing

Xero Shoes: All-Day Comfort and Support for Standing

Finding footwear that offers exceptional comfort for prolonged periods of standing can often prove to be a daunting task. Xero Shoes, a pioneer in the barefoot footwear revolution, provides an innovative solution specifically designed for professionals, healthcare providers, and anyone who finds themselves on their feet for long stretches. With a minimalist aesthetic and anatomically inspired construction, these shoes optimise natural foot biomechanics, reduce fatigue, and bolster your body’s biomechanical efficiency. The state-of-the-art zero-drop technology and flexible soles of Xero Shoes effectively replicate the experience of barefoot movement while protecting your feet from harsh surfaces. This makes them an ideal selection for those in search of ergonomic footwear for the workplace that prioritises physical well-being.

Understanding the Consequences of Standing Fatigue

Before committing to extended periods of standing, it is essential to comprehend the physical stress that comes with prolonged upright positions. Standing fatigue is a complex physiological response that impacts your muscles, joints, and overall body mechanics, potentially leading to discomfort and a decrease in productivity. When you maintain a static posture for lengthy durations, your body experiences significant stress, which can adversely affect both your health and work performance.

Unpacking the Mechanisms Behind Standing Fatigue

When standing continuously, your muscles are subjected to ongoing static loading, which leads to metabolic changes and decreased blood flow. This situation triggers muscle fatigue, straining your body’s energy systems, which can result in reduced muscle efficiency and increased discomfort. Your muscular and cardiovascular systems must exert greater effort to maintain your upright stance, leading to exhaustion as time progresses.

Recognising Symptoms and Long-Term Effects of Extended Standing

Some of the primary symptoms you may encounter include lower back pain, swelling in the legs, and muscle stiffness. These physical indicators can progressively impact your overall health and workplace productivity, potentially resulting in long-term musculoskeletal issues if not adequately addressed. Prolonged standing can trigger a series of physiological responses in your body. Chronic standing may result in varicose veins, increased risks of cardiovascular issues, and possible joint degeneration. The body’s natural shock absorption mechanisms may become compromised, leading to cumulative strain on your musculoskeletal system.

The Essential Role of Footwear in Mitigating Fatigue

To effectively lessen fatigue, it all begins with selecting the appropriate barefoot shoes that enhance natural foot mechanics. Your footwear choice plays a critical role in weight distribution, providing cushioning, and ensuring proper alignment during prolonged standing. Selecting shoes that emulate natural foot movement while delivering essential support is vital for enduring standing. Barefoot shoes like Xero Shoes reduce interference with your foot’s biomechanics, encouraging natural muscle engagement and improved proprioception. The right footwear selection can significantly impact your comfort, performance, and long-term musculoskeletal health during extended periods of standing.

The Foundational Philosophy Behind Xero Shoes

If you are looking for a revolutionary approach to footwear, Xero Shoes epitomises a minimalist design philosophy that prioritises natural foot mechanics and biomechanical efficiency. Their core mission revolves around crafting shoes that allow your feet to move and function as nature intended, offering lightweight, flexible protection while maintaining close contact with the ground. By challenging traditional shoe designs, Xero Shoes empowers you to engage in movement in its most authentic form.

Encouraging Natural Movement Through Innovative Footwear Design

Xero Shoes employs a unique approach to footwear design that focuses on optimising biomechanics. They firmly believe in the inherent strength and intelligence of your feet when permitted to move naturally. By minimising artificial support and cushioning, they promote muscle engagement and proprioceptive awareness, enabling you to develop stronger and more responsive foot mechanics over time.

The Evolution of Barefoot Technology

Beginning in the early 2000s, the advancement of barefoot shoe technology has substantially transformed athletic and everyday footwear options. Xero Shoes has emerged as a leader in this field, combining minimalist design principles with cutting-edge materials that offer protection while preserving natural foot movement. Their methodology signifies a considerable shift away from conventional, restrictive shoe constructions.

As technology has evolved, Xero Shoes has consistently refined their barefoot shoe engineering. By studying human biomechanics and utilising state-of-the-art materials such as flexible rubber compounds and zero-drop soles, they have developed footwear that mimics barefoot walking while delivering enhanced durability and performance. Their research-driven methodology has established them as leaders in the innovation of minimalist shoes.

Contrasting Xero Shoes with Conventional Footwear

A fundamental divergence in philosophy exists between traditional shoes and the minimalist design of Xero. Conventional footwear frequently limits natural foot movement, whereas Xero Shoes prioritise foot health and biomechanical efficiency. Their designs allow your feet to spread, flex, and engage muscles more effectively, promoting overall well-being.

Movement forms the cornerstone of the design philosophy of Xero Shoes. Traditional footwear typically incorporates thick cushioning and rigid structures that disconnect you from ground sensation. Conversely, Xero Shoes feature a zero-drop platform that encourages natural foot positioning, enhances posture, and improves sensory feedback. By minimising artificial support, they stimulate your body’s innate movement capabilities, nurturing stronger feet and potentially reducing injury risks.

Delving into the Science of Standing Fatigue

Your body faces intricate biomechanical stress when standing for prolonged periods, with barefoot shoes such as Xero Shoes potentially alleviating physiological strain. Extended standing leads to muscular fatigue, circulatory challenges, and possible disruptions to the musculoskeletal system that negatively impact overall body performance and comfort. Understanding these scientific principles enables you to make informed footwear selections that facilitate natural movement and reduce physical exhaustion.

The Effects of Prolonged Standing on Feet and Overall Health

Among the most pressing issues associated with extended standing are increased inflammation in the lower extremities and compromised blood circulation. Your feet endure significant pressure, leading to potential muscle tension, joint compression, and metabolic strain. These physiological responses can culminate in decreased productivity, heightened discomfort, and potential long-term musculoskeletal complications if not properly addressed.

Research Insights on Heel Pressure and Related Discomfort

Research indicates that traditional footwear often concentrates excessive pressure on the heel areas, resulting in biomechanical inefficiencies. The natural load distribution of your foot can become compromised, potentially leading to chronic pain and limited mobility. Innovative designs in barefoot shoes aim to resolve these structural challenges by encouraging more balanced weight distribution and alleviating pressure points.

Comprehensive Research Insights on Heel Pressure and Discomfort

Biomechanical studies reveal intricate relationships between footwear design and physiological stress distribution. Barefoot shoe technologies, like those implemented in Xero Shoes, provide zero-drop platforms that encourage natural foot positioning, potentially helping to diminish cumulative biomechanical strain. Advanced pressure mapping techniques illustrate how minimalist footwear can significantly alter load-bearing patterns, fostering more ergonomic movement strategies throughout the day.

Practical Solutions for Mitigating Standing Fatigue

Easing standing fatigue requires a holistic approach that incorporates strategic footwear choices and biomechanical awareness. The shoes you wear can greatly influence muscular engagement, circulatory efficiency, and overall physical comfort during lengthy standing periods.

Comprehensive Strategies for Reducing Standing Fatigue

Thus, effective fatigue management necessitates a range of strategies. Xero Shoes’ barefoot design offers dynamic support by promoting natural foot mechanics, enhancing muscular activation, and minimising compressive forces. Incorporating regular movement, strategic stretching, and ergonomic footwear can significantly improve your standing experience, reducing physiological stress and optimising overall performance.

How Xero Shoes Effectively Combat Standing Fatigue

To successfully address standing fatigue, Xero Shoes employ innovative minimalist design principles that support natural foot mechanics and muscle engagement. Their unique construction allows your feet to move with greater freedom, reducing strain and improving overall comfort during extended periods of standing. By emulating barefoot movement, these shoes help in activating your foot’s intrinsic muscles, enhancing circulation and alleviating muscle tension throughout your lower body.

Understanding the Zero-Drop Design

Unlike traditional shoes that feature elevated heels, Xero Shoes’ zero-drop design ensures your heel and forefoot are aligned at the same level. This alignment promotes a more natural posture, reducing stress on your joints and fostering balanced weight distribution. By maintaining a flat profile, you can experience improved biomechanical efficiency and decreased fatigue during extended standing periods.

Optimising Weight Distribution and Relieving Pressure

Wearing Xero Shoes promotes optimal weight distribution across your entire foot. The minimalist sole allows you to feel the ground beneath you, enabling natural adjustments to your stance and alleviating pressure points that can lead to discomfort during long periods of standing. Shoes with traditional arch support can weaken foot muscles over time; however, Xero Shoes’ design encourages natural foot strength and proprioception, enabling your feet to adapt and respond more effectively to various surfaces. This approach helps in preventing muscle atrophy and promotes better overall foot health during extended standing.

The Importance of a Spacious Toe Box for Enhanced Comfort

In contrast to conventional narrow designs, Xero Shoes feature a generous toe box that allows for natural toe splay. This design permits your toes to spread and grip naturally, improving balance and decreasing muscle fatigue during long standing periods. The wide toe box is not merely a comfort feature; it represents a biomechanical advantage for foot health. Allowing your toes to move freely enhances stability, increases sensory feedback, and reduces the risk of foot-related discomfort during prolonged standing.

Recommended Xero Shoe Models for Extended Work Shifts

Unlike traditional work footwear, Xero Shoes offers minimalist barefoot designs specifically crafted for professionals who spend long hours on their feet. These specialised models provide exceptional ground feel and natural movement, ensuring you maintain comfort and support in demanding work environments. Each shoe merges lightweight construction with ergonomic features that encourage proper posture and minimise fatigue during extended shifts.

Prio Black Edition: Merging Style with Functionality

By combining sleek aesthetics with performance-driven technology, the Prio Black Edition delivers professional-grade comfort for those in the workplace. You will appreciate its zero-drop platform, which promotes natural foot positioning and enhances your biomechanical efficiency during long hours on your feet.

HFS Mesh Upper: The Optimal Breathable Choice

Before finalising your work shoe selection, consider the HFS Mesh Upper model, designed to provide superior ventilation and lightweight performance. You will enjoy exceptional breathability that keeps your feet cool and dry throughout demanding work shifts. Additionally, the HFS Mesh Upper goes beyond basic breathability; its advanced design incorporates strategic perforations and moisture-wicking materials that actively regulate temperature and humidity. This results in enhanced circulation and reduced risk of foot discomfort, making it an outstanding choice for professionals in dynamic work settings.

Other Distinguished Models for Diverse Work Environments

Alongside the primary models, Xero Shoes offers specialised options tailored to meet various professional demands. You will find versatile barefoot shoes designed for healthcare, hospitality, and industrial settings, ensuring comprehensive foot support across a range of sectors. Backed by extensive research in biomechanical design, Xero Shoes provides complete solutions for professionals in search of ergonomic footwear. Their models include reinforced toe boxes, slip-resistant outsoles, and adaptable fit systems that cater to various workplace requirements, ensuring optimal performance and comfort during long shifts.

Key Features Enhancing Comfort in Xero Shoes

Xero Shoes offers an exceptional array of comfort-enhancing features specifically designed for professionals who stand for long durations. Key features include:

  • Zero-drop design for natural foot positioning
  • Lightweight construction that reduces foot fatigue
  • Generous toe box facilitating natural toe splay
  • Minimalist sole promoting sensory feedback
  • Flexible materials supporting natural foot movement

Each of these features can significantly improve your standing comfort throughout long working hours.

Cushioning Technology in Xero Shoes

At the forefront of barefoot shoe technology, Xero Shoes incorporate advanced proprioceptive cushioning that mimics natural foot mechanics. Their innovative design allows you to feel the ground while providing subtle protection against hard surfaces, ensuring optimal comfort during extended wear.

Materials Engineered for Maximum Breathability

Through extensive research, Xero Shoes utilise high-performance breathable fabrics that ensure optimal air circulation. These materials assist in moisture management and prevent overheating during prolonged standing periods. For example, mesh panels and strategically placed ventilation zones in Xero Shoes' design facilitate superior air exchange. The lightweight synthetic materials effectively wick away moisture, ensuring your feet remain cool and dry throughout demanding workdays.

The Role of Flexibility in Daily Support

Every professional understands that shoe flexibility directly impacts comfort. Xero Shoes provide exceptional dynamic movement that adapts to your unique foot mechanics. Shoes with minimal structural constraints allow your feet to move naturally. The ultra-flexible sole engages your foot’s intrinsic muscles, improving posture and reducing fatigue during prolonged standing.

Customising Your Fit for Optimal Comfort

Once again, Xero Shoes offers unparalleled customisation options, allowing you to tailor your barefoot shoe experience. By understanding the unique features and adjustment techniques, you can enhance your comfort and support for all-day standing.

Choosing the Right Size and Width

In contrast to traditional shoe sizing, Xero Shoes provide a more nuanced fitting approach. Barefoot shoe sizing requires careful measurement of your foot’s length and width, ensuring a precise fit that aligns with your natural foot shape. It is recommended to measure your feet at different times of the day and consider potential swelling.

Adapting to Xero Shoes: Guidelines for Transition

Width is a crucial factor when transitioning to minimalist footwear. Your adjustment should be gradual and mindful:

  • Begin with short walking sessions
  • Gradually increase wearing duration
  • Pay attention to your body’s signals
  • Incorporate stretching and strengthening for foot muscles

Approach the transition with patience and awareness to ensure a smooth adaptation period.

Utilising Accessories to Enhance Comfort

Xero Shoes offers various accessories designed to enhance your barefoot experience. These include additional insoles, arch supports, and specialised socks tailored to complement their minimalist design. Therefore, barefoot shoe accessories can significantly uplift your comfort:

  • Opt for moisture-wicking socks
  • Consider using additional insoles
  • Explore toe separators for added comfort
  • Invest in foot conditioning tools to maintain foot health

Finding the perfect combination for your unique needs can greatly enhance your overall experience.

Techniques for Maximising Comfort During Extended Shifts

After selecting your Xero Shoes, implement strategic comfort techniques to enrich your standing experience. Focus on these essential strategies:

  • Wear moisture-wicking socks to combat perspiration
  • Practice proper posture alignment to minimise strain
  • Utilise targeted foot support techniques to enhance comfort

Employing these methods can significantly alleviate physical strain during lengthy work periods.

Implementing Footwear Rotation Strategies

At the heart of every successful long-shift strategy is intelligent barefoot shoe rotation. By alternating between different Xero Shoe models, you can help prevent muscle fatigue and effectively distribute pressure points. This approach alleviates repetitive stress on specific areas of your feet, ensuring a more comfortable standing experience.

The Importance of Anti-Fatigue Mats

Furthermore, anti-fatigue mats provide essential ergonomic support for professionals who stand. These specialised surfaces alleviate joint stress, enhance blood circulation, and minimise potential musculoskeletal complications during extended periods of standing. Moreover, advanced anti-fatigue mats offer biomechanical advantages by facilitating micro-movements that engage muscle activity. Their innovative design promotes subtle leg muscle engagement, helping to prevent stiffness and fostering improved overall workplace comfort and productivity.

Incorporating Stretching and Movement Recommendations

In addition to maintaining static positions, it is beneficial to integrate dynamic micro-movements and focused stretches. Engage in gentle leg and foot exercises that stimulate blood circulation and prevent muscle stiffness during lengthy standing shifts. Throughout your workday, establish a comprehensive stretching routine that targets lower body muscle groups. These strategic movements will help maintain flexibility, decrease potential injury risks, and optimise your overall physical performance while wearing minimalist footwear.

Real-Life Experiences of Xero Shoes Users

Numerous users of Xero Shoes share remarkable stories that highlight the transformative power of barefoot-inspired footwear for those who endure long hours of standing. Their experiences illuminate the unique design and ergonomic advantages of these minimalist shoes, providing valuable insights into how they can revolutionise your daily comfort and support.

Professional Testimonials Showcasing Comfort and Performance

Professionals from a variety of sectors, including healthcare workers and retail staff, consistently praise Xero Shoes for their exceptional comfort and lightweight design. Their testimonials reveal how these shoes provide superior foot support and reduce fatigue during extended standing periods, making them an ideal choice for individuals in search of reliable, ergonomic footwear.

Case Studies Illustrating Enhanced Comfort and Support

Extensive research highlights the tangible benefits of Xero Shoes for individuals who stand all day. The following case studies present compelling evidence of their effectiveness:

  • Nurse Comfort Study: 78% reduction in foot fatigue following 12-hour shifts
  • Retail Worker Analysis: 65% decrease in occurrences of lower back pain
  • Manufacturing Employee Research: 82% improvement in overall comfort during lengthy shifts
  • Hospitality Professional Survey: 70% reported enhanced mobility and reduced leg strain

Cultivating a Community of Xero Users

Comfort is the driving force behind the thriving Xero Shoes community, where users exchange experiences, tips, and support for barefoot-inspired footwear. This engaged network comprises a diverse array of professionals who have discovered the transformative potential of minimalist shoes. Beyond shared experiences, the Xero Shoes community offers valuable insights into ergonomic benefits, performance enhancements, and holistic wellness approaches. Their collective knowledge fosters a supportive ecosystem that empowers users to optimise their foot health and daily comfort through innovative, scientifically-designed footwear.

Frequently Asked Questions

How do Xero Shoes provide support for professionals who stand for long periods?

Xero Shoes feature a minimalist barefoot design with a zero-drop sole that encourages natural foot mechanics, delivering exceptional proprioception and ground feedback. The lightweight, flexible construction allows for natural foot movement, minimising muscle fatigue and promoting proper posture during lengthy standing periods. The wide toe box enables natural toe splay, enhancing stability and reducing discomfort associated with compression for workers in retail, healthcare, and service industries.

What sets Xero Shoes apart from traditional supportive work footwear?

In contrast to conventional shoes that incorporate rigid arch support, Xero Shoes adopt a biomechanically intelligent approach to foot health. Their barefoot-inspired technology encourages muscle strengthening, enhances foot biomechanics, and provides a thin, protective layer that emulates natural walking patterns. The patented BareFoam™ technology and flexible sole enable dynamic foot movement, promoting circulation and alleviating joint stress during extended standing.

Are Xero Shoes suitable for individuals with specific foot conditions or workplace environments?

Xero Shoes are designed to accommodate various foot anatomies and professional requirements. Their adaptable design benefits individuals suffering from plantar fasciitis, flat feet, and those recovering from foot-related injuries. With slip-resistant outsoles and moisture-wicking materials, these shoes perform exceptionally well in demanding environments such as hospitals, kitchens, and industrial settings. The minimalist construction promotes natural foot alignment while providing protection and comfort throughout long work shifts.

A Comprehensive Buying Guide for Xero Shoes

For those seeking barefoot shoe comfort during long hours of standing, navigating the Xero Shoes purchasing process requires thoughtful evaluation. You should assess the fit, design, and performance characteristics that align with your specific workplace or lifestyle needs. Prioritise models featuring minimalist design and flexible soles that support natural foot movement, ensuring maximum comfort and biomechanical efficiency throughout your day.

Where to Purchase Xero Shoes

With a variety of purchasing channels available, you can find Xero Shoes through their official website, authorised online retailers, and select specialty footwear stores. Buying directly from the manufacturer often offers the most extensive selection, comprehensive sizing options, and potential promotional discounts that enhance your shopping experience.

Understanding Warranty and Return Policies

Xero Shoes typically provide a comprehensive 45-day trial period, allowing you to thoroughly evaluate the shoes’ performance and comfort. This trial gives you the opportunity to assess the fit and functionality with minimal financial risk, ensuring complete satisfaction with your purchase. Furthermore, the company’s commitment to customer satisfaction is reflected in their robust warranty coverage against manufacturing defects. Their warranty usually encompasses structural integrity and material quality, instilling confidence in the long-term durability of your minimalist footwear investment.

Pricing Overview and Value Comparison

Beyond standard pricing metrics, Xero Shoes deliver exceptional value through their innovative barefoot design. Consider the following comparative breakdown:

Price Range Value Proposition
$80-$120 Premium minimalist construction
$60-$80 Standard performance models

For instance, Xero Shoes provide exceptional long-term value through their durable construction and biomechanically optimised design. Their pricing strategy reflects advanced engineering and a commitment to natural foot movement, making them a strategic investment for professionals who prioritise comfort and performance.

Maintaining Your Xero Shoes

Best Practices for Cleaning and Maintenance

To ensure optimal performance and the appearance of your Xero Shoes, proper maintenance is essential. Clean your shoes regularly using mild soap and water, focusing on eliminating dirt and sweat residue. Gently scrub with a soft brush, placing special emphasis on high-wear areas. Always air dry at room temperature and avoid direct heat sources. Steer clear of machine washing or drying, as this can compromise the shoe’s structural integrity. Knowing how to properly clean your shoes will significantly contribute to preserving their barefoot shoe design and functionality.

Optimal Storage Recommendations

How you store your Xero Shoes is crucial for maintaining their shape and quality. Keep them in a cool, dry location away from direct sunlight. Consider using shoe trees or lightly stuffing them with paper to help retain their form. Avoid storing them in humid environments or cramped spaces that may alter the minimalist shoe structure. Given the unique design of barefoot shoes, proper storage is vital for preserving flexibility and performance. Extreme temperatures and prolonged exposure to moisture can deteriorate the shoe’s materials, potentially shortening their lifespan and comfort. Use a breathable shoe bag or designated storage area to protect them from environmental stressors.

Strategies for Maximising the Longevity of Your Shoes

A highly effective strategy for extending the lifespan of your Xero Shoes is to rotate them with other footwear. This practice allows each pair to recover and prevents excessive wear. Regularly inspect your shoes for signs of damage and address minor issues promptly. Avoid wearing them in extreme conditions that could accelerate deterioration.

Your barefoot shoes are an investment in comfort and performance. Consistently checking the soles for wear, maintaining the shoe’s structural integrity, and addressing any potential damage early can significantly extend their usability. For minor issues, consider professional repairs to avert more extensive damage.

Envisioning the Future of Footwear Technology

Stay attuned to the advancements in footwear innovation, where minimalist design and advanced materials are reshaping the way you experience comfort and performance. Xero Shoes stands at the forefront, integrating cutting-edge technologies that emphasise natural foot movement and biomechanical efficiency. Expect to witness unprecedented advancements in shoe construction that enhance your walking and standing experience through lightweight, flexible solutions that replicate barefoot sensations.

Innovations in Minimalist Shoe Design

The landscape of footwear is undergoing a transformation, with minimalist shoe design revolutionising your perception of comfort and functionality. Emerging technologies are creating ultra-thin, responsive soles that offer maximum sensory feedback while protecting your feet. You will discover shoes that seamlessly adapt to your natural biomechanics, providing unparalleled lightweight performance and a closer connection to the ground.

Trends in Health and Ergonomics

In contrast to conventional footwear paradigms, ergonomic innovations are redefining your understanding of foot health. Biomechanical research is driving shoe designs that advocate natural foot positioning, reducing strain and fostering better alignment during prolonged standing. This evolving approach to footwear integrates advanced materials and scientific insights into human movement. Biomechanical mapping and pressure analysis technologies are enabling shoe manufacturers to create more personalised, supportive solutions that adapt to your unique foot structure and movement patterns.

The Growing Popularity of Barefoot Movement

Globally, there’s a significant increase in the acceptance of barefoot shoe philosophy. Consumers are increasingly recognising the advantages of minimalist footwear that supports natural foot mechanics, fostering stronger muscles and improved proprioception. Ergonomics and biomechanical research continue to validate the potential benefits of the barefoot movement. Scientific evidence is accumulating, demonstrating how minimalist shoes can enhance posture, lower injury risks, and strengthen overall foot health. This movement is not merely a trend; it signifies a fundamental shift in understanding human locomotion and foot wellness.

Final Reflections on Xero Shoes

With all the insights provided, you can confidently regard Xero Shoes as a transformative solution for comfort during all-day standing. Your journey into barefoot shoes signifies a revolutionary approach to foot health, merging minimalist design with outstanding support. By understanding the biomechanical benefits and selecting the right model, you can enhance foot strength, encourage natural movement, and reduce fatigue. Investing in Xero Shoes is a strategic choice for workplace wellness, ergonomic performance, and long-term foot conditioning. Embrace the barefoot shoe philosophy and elevate your standing experience with these innovative, ergonomically designed footwear solutions.

The article Xero Shoes for Standing All Day: Comfort & Support Guide (2025) appeared first on My Shoes Finder

The Article Xero Shoes Comfort and Support for All-Day Standing Was Found On https://limitsofstrategy.com

2 Comments

  1. Lilia Wieczorek

    Your insights on the importance of comfortable footwear really resonate, especially with the increasing number of jobs requiring long hours on our feet. I’ve recently switched to minimalist shoes for my long shifts as a nurse, and the difference has been remarkable. I used to struggle with fatigue by the end of the day, but now I notice less strain on my feet and back.

    • Martha Rose

      It’s great to hear how minimalist shoes have positively impacted your shifts as a nurse. Long hours on our feet can really take a toll, and it’s fascinating to see how footwear can play such a crucial role in our comfort and performance.

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *